Tuesday's meeting between the two leaders comes amid continued US-led sanctions against Russia and an escalating US-China trade war.
At least 300,000 troops, 36,000 vehicles and 1,000 aircraft will take part in the Vostok 2018 exercises, according to the Russian Ministry of Defense.
They'll be joined by thousands of troops from China and Mongolia, which the Chinese Defense Ministry insisted wasn't "directed against any third party" and would focus purely on "defenses, firepower strikes and counterattack."
The exercises will be held from September 11 to 17 in Russia's Eastern Military District, an underdeveloped and sparsely populated close to the country's borders with China and Mongolia.
In a statement in August, Gen. Sergi Shoigu, supreme commander-in-chief of the Russian armed forces, said the games would be at an "unprecedented scale both in territory and number of troops involved."
The Ministry has previously characterized the exercises as the largest war games since the fall of the Soviet Union.
Deepening ties
The exercises coincide with the Russian-sponsored Eastern Economic Forum in Vladivostok on the Russian Pacific coast.
Putin is scheduled to meet with his Chinese counterpart on the sidelines of the event Tuesday, during which Russian state media TASS said "several agreements" would be signed.
Trade turnover between Russia and China increased 50% in the first half of 2018, with the total expected to reach $100 billion by the end of the year, according to TASS.
The two leaders have attempted to cultivate a special relationship in recent years, meeting often and making demonstrative public displays of warmth.
Xi's arrival in Vladivostok marks the first time that a Chinese top leader has participated in the annual event, and the third meeting between Xi and Putin in 2018.
In June Putin said President Xi was "the only state leader who has celebrated my birthday with me," while Xi responded by awarding Putin the first-ever Friendship Medal of the People's Republic of China
Chinese ambassador to Russia Li Hui said relations between the two neighboring countries were at their "best (level) in history," in an interview with Chinese state media Xinhua Monday.
Mutual trust
China and Russia have been moving closer as both countries look to build a countermeasure against Washington.
In August the US State Department declared it would impose a new range of sanctions on Moscow over the poisoning of a former Russian agent in the UK earlier this year.
China, meanwhile, is bracing for the latest escalation in its ongoing trade war with Washington, as US President Donald Trump prepares to sanction another $200 billion of Chinese goods.
Against this backdrop of concerns over rising US tensions, warmer ties between Xi and Putin have been exhaustively covered by domestic media in both countries.
"Mutual trust between the two countries has reached an unprecedented level and their military ties are closer," Chinese state tabloid Global Times said in an August editorial.
Bobo Lo, a China Russia relations expert and author of "A Wary Embrace," told CNN that both Putin and Xi have separate reasons for wanting to amplify their relationship.
"(China) is the perfect instrument to project Russia as a resurgent global power, so essentially the Russia narrative is that China, Russia and to a lesser extent India, are part of this new dynamic world order," he said.
"(For Beijing) they need Russia to be benign to them, so Russia might not be able to help China that much but Russia can certainly makes things difficult to China if it should ever be so inclined."
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