Some called him a hero. Others just wanted to punch him in the face.
His name is James Zwerg, and he was part of an interracial group of civil rights activists dubbed the "Freedom Riders." They were attacked by a white mob carrying chains and clubs at an Alabama bus station in 1961 for defying Jim Crow laws.
A gruesome photo of Zwerg's bloodied face made the front page of newspapers across America. And when a news crew videotaped an interview with him from his hospital bed after the attack, he grew even more famous because the resolve he displayed.
"We will continue our journey, one way or another," he said. "We are prepared to die."
Those images of Zwerg marked a turning point in the civil rights movement. But I wonder if such an image could still inspire so many people today after what's happened this week to another young white man whose face has gone viral.
Nick Sandmann is now known as the smiling -- or smirking -- teen in the red Make America Great Again hat. Most commentators have cited Sandman's standoff with a Native American veteran at the Lincoln Memorial as a parable about rushed judgment. They say that people were quick to heap scorn on the Kentucky teenager without knowing all the facts. One commentator complained that social media can reduce "a complex human life into one viral moment."
I see it as the destruction of something else: The great hope that cell phone video footage of hateful acts would lead to a racial awakening in America.
Seeing is no longer believing
Not long ago, plenty of people predicted that cell phone videos would usher in a new era of racial tolerance. Pundits thought citizen journalists recording acts of blatant racism would nudge white Americans into developing more empathy for people of color. No longer would a racial minority have to prove that pervasive racism existed. They could prove it through the power of a recorded image.
That was the hope many felt when a video of Eric Garner gasping "I can't breathe" on a New York City sidewalk went viral in 2014. That was the same hope others felt when repeated videos surfaced last year showing police being called on African Americans for "living while black" -- going about their daily business in public.
Some declared that live-streaming video could "change the face of justice," while another commentator said social media would "spawn a new civil rights movement."
"The revolution will not only be televised but apparently it will also be uploaded, downloaded, streamed, posted and tweeted as well," David Love declared in a 2015 article in TheGrio, an online magazine.
But last week's standoff at the Lincoln Memorial signals that we're at the cusp of counterrevolution against all of these disturbing racial images. People can now credibly say that seeing is no longer believing.
Cell phone videos may actually widen racial divisions instead of bridging them.
Consider what would happen if Zwerg's video was released today. There's an entire media ecosystem dedicated to refuting claims of racism -- and that would be ready to pounce.
Someone would go on Twitter and say the photo of Zwerg's bloodied face was doctored. Another person would claim that there was actually missing video footage that showed that he was injured in a fall, not by a mob. Another might even claim that Zwerg attacked the mob, not the other way around.
And this is not necessarily a bad thing. Critical examination of racial images is a must. There are unscrupulous souls that profit off of the stoking of racial outrage. Twitter suspended an account that amplified the video of Sandmann's face-off with the Native American elder, calling the Kentucky teen a "MAGA loser." It supposedly belonged to a California teacher, but CNN Business traced it to a blogger in Brazil.
But I wonder if people realize how much we lose when a picture is no longer worth a thousand words -- it sparks a thousand different interpretations.
It's easier to ignore what we don't want to see, says Lee McIntyre, author of "Post-Truth," a book that examines how "alternative facts replace actual facts, and feelings have more weight than evidence."
"People have always been prone to believe the facts they want and question those they don't," he says. "So if someone is motivated to deny that a particular video shows brutality, that may devolve into questioning whether it has been doctored, what happened before the video was turned on, and whether the person taking it staged something."
Viral images and social justice movements
But even more may be lost when we can't trust what we see.
How can groups of people who are invisible to people in power make themselves known in an era where everything can be denied?
Think of how vital images have been to social justice movements. For some groups of people, it was the weapon of protest that really worked.
One of the Western world's first viral images wasn't taken with a cell phone. It went viral centuries ago. It was an illustration of chained Africans packed in the cargo hold of a slave ship, and it helped spur the abolitionist movement in 18th-century Britain. Abolitionists were able to successfully mobilize public support against slavery because that image shocked so many people.
Or how about the power of another videotape that was never debunked?
The video and photo of the lone man blocking tanks in China's Tiananmen Square during the 1989 pro-democracy student protests continues to inspire. The man's identity was never revealed, but Time Magazine selected that photo as one of the most influential images of all time.
Consider social justice movements in the United States. The photographer Lewis Hine helped end child labor in the US by taking surreptitious photos of grimy children laboring in wretched factories and mills in early 20th-century America. Think of the powerful business interests that would have loved to claim that his photos were manipulated.
It's ironic the Sandmann video went viral on the holiday weekend that celebrates the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., who pioneered the use of viral images to build support for the civil rights movement. The photos of children being attacked by water hoses in Birmingham and in other places helped turned the tide, said John Lewis, the Georgia congressman and civil rights activist.
"Without television news coverage, the civil rights movement would have been like a bird without wings, or a choir with a song," Lewis once said.
A post-truth world of dueling images
Some may claim we've already entered a post-truth world, where veracity can never take flight again.
At times it seems surreal.
A former White House spokesman lied about the size of President Trump's inaugural crowds, even though photos contradicted his claims. There is a movement of "flat Earthers" who claim the Earth is actually flat, even though photos and science contradict them.
Zwerg, fortunately, did not come of age in that world. No one questioned his suffering, not even his enemies. His photo made him a civil rights hero and he was personally thanked by King.
Yet he did experience his own backlash. His parents never forgave him for being a civil rights activist. His father suffered a heart attack after seeing his son's picture on the front page. Zwerg was so filled with guilt at the attention he received that he once contemplated suicide.
He eventually battled through his physical and mental scars to become a minister. Zwerg, now 79, says that his time as a Freedom Rider was the most profound period in his life.
"I never felt so alive theologically," he told me when I interviewed him about his activism. "My prayer life was never so meaningful, my whole awareness of the power of love -- when I heard King say in his last utterance, 'I've been to the mountaintop and I've seen the promised land' -- I know those of us who were in the movement can say we were there, too."
Yet in this new post-truth universe of dueling images, some people could now claim that maybe Zwerg wasn't there after all. Maybe it was all a fake. And so was the racism he tried to reveal. And so was the cause he risked his life for.
Here's what worries me about the Sandmann video: It will make it easier for people to discredit photos and video that reveal uncomfortable truths. Powerful images will no longer move people if they don't want to be moved.
They can now do what they could never do when they saw Zwerg suffer.
They will simply reject what they don't want to see.
Bagikan Berita Ini
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