A report released by world governing body FIFA has revealed that intermediaries or agents have been paid a total of $548 million so far this year across 3,844 international transfers. Since 2013, agents have picked up a total of $2.14 billion.
The report analyzed data from all global football transfers in the past five years, comparing instances when players and clubs had used an agent for a move to take place.
Close to 20% of international transfers in this five-year period involved an agent, with individual players more likely to use them than clubs.
Earlier this year the work and rivalry of "super agents" Jorge Mendes, Mino Raiola, Jonathan Barnett, Fernando Felicevich and Kia Joorabchian was compared to football's "Game of Thrones."
Mendes represents Juventus' Cristiano Ronaldo, Raiola works with Manchester United's Paul Pogba while Barnett is the agent of Real Madrid's Gareth Bale.
In terms of countries, Italian clubs most commonly relied on agents for incoming players in 2018 with over 45% of the country's 175 transfers involving intermediaries.
England was second, although agents that were employed by English clubs were the highest-earning, accruing a total of $155.8 million so far this year.
Agents connected with European clubs accounted for 96% of the money paid to intermediaries in 2018.
When transfer fees have been higher, agents have tended to earn less money from the transaction; between 2013 and 2018, they took an average of 28% of the transfer fee when it was less that $1 million, but this figure was as low as 7.3% for transfer fees over $5 million.
Currently, anyone is able to act as an agent on behalf of a player, but it has been reported that FIFA is planning to reintroduce exams for agents, which were previously ditched in 2015.
The aim is to add greater transparency to transfers, preventing agents from exploiting clubs and players.
"These increasingly larger transactions are often not done in a clean, open manner and raise a lot of questions about potential misuse of funds," said FIFA president Gianni Infantino earlier this year.
Some English Premier League owners have called for a ban on agent payments following "dual representation" -- whereby an agent is paid by a player and a club for the same transfer.
"They are starting to run football. They are certainly sucking tons of money out of football," West Ham owner David Gold recently said.
"We are all trying to pay less, they are doing nothing for football. I can't believe it is even a discussion. Other than agents, everybody else is against them."
Danish footballers are most likely to use agents to facilitate transfers, with close to 48% of players this year relying on an agent. This was followed by Norweigan, Dutch, Czech, and Australian players.
The Association of Football Agents has yet to comment on FIFA's report.
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