The archives cover the years 1939-1958 and consist of several hundred thousand letters, cables and speeches. Critics of Pius say he did not do enough to publicly combat the rise of fascism in Germany and Italy. Supporters say he worked diligently behind the scenes to save Jews from the Holocaust.
Francis, in announcing the opening of the archives, said that criticism of Pope Pius XII had sometimes been prejudiced or exaggerated.
"I am sure that the serious and objective historical research will know how to evaluate it in the right light," the Pope said.
"I take this decision having heard the advice of my closest collaborators, with a serene and trusting heart," he added. ""The Church is not afraid of history, on the contrary, it loves it."
The documents from the pontificate are not only kept in the Secret Archives, but also in archives of different Vatican offices such as the Secretariat of State and the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, according to the Prefect of the Secret Archives, Bishop Sergio Pagano.
All Vatican offices will open their archives to qualified researchers on March 2, 2020.
Writing in l'Osservatore Romano, the Vatican's newspaper, Pagano said that it has taken 20 dedicated archive personnel more than 12 years to inventory and organize the paperwork, which includes:
-- 68 volumes of indexes
-- 538 "separate envelopes" -- each envelope regarding an individual topic or institution
-- 76 units of speech manuscripts by Eugenio Pacelli, Pope Pius XII's birth name
-- 81 indexes of more than 5,100 envelopes of pontifical representations
The Pope defended Pius' presumed silence on the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany and the Holocaust that ensued.
"Without doubt, even moments of great difficulty, of tormented decisions of Christian and human prudence, that to some could have seemed like reticence, were instead attempts, humanly very difficult, to keep the light of humanitarian initiatives, of hidden but active diplomacy lit, in periods of greatest darkness and cruelty, in the hope of a possible opening of hearts," Francis said.
In 2004, Pope John Paul II opened the archives for the Vatican Office of Information for Prisoners of War (1939-1947) containing more than 2,000 archival "units" and nearly as many boxes of documents, according to Pagano.
Together, those records provided information on thousands of wartime military and civilian prisoners, and may help clarify the legacy of Pope Pius XII, Pagano said.
"In the sad, no terrible, scenario before the war, during its tragic unfolding as well as afterward, the great figure of Pius XII stands out," Pagano said.
"He was superficially criticized and judged for some aspects of his pontificate and now, thanks to the opening faithfully desired by Pope Francis, I think historians who know how to investigate, without prejudice, but with the help of new documents, can find its richness and realistic importance."
Jewish groups immediately hailed the Vatican's announcement on Monday, saying they've been asking for access to the secret archives for decades.
"Pope Francis's decision to make these materials now fully open and available for international scholarly research is enormously important to Catholic-Jewish relations," said Rabbi David Rosen, the American Jewish Committee's international director of interreligious affairs.
The committee said Rosen has personally raised the issue with Pope Francis and his predecessors.
"It is particularly important that experts from the leading Holocaust memorial institutes in Israel and the United States objectively evaluate as best as possible the historical record of that most terrible of times -- to acknowledge both the failures as well as the valiant efforts made during the period of the systematic murder of six million Jews," Rosen said.
The archives will be open to qualified researchers who must submit a request to view documents, according to the Vatican. All researchers must have a university degree or an equivalent university diploma. Clergy must possess a licentiate degree or PhD, the Vatican said.
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