Before Meghan, the Duchess of Sussex, stepped out in a silk Givenchy wedding dress to marry Prince Harry, the public spent months guessing who would have the honor of designing the royal gown.
But ahead of Japan's Princess Ayako's wedding to fiancé Kei Moriya on Monday, the question isn't which designer will the bride wear, but what type of kimono will she choose and, perhaps more importantly, what will it symbolize?
In accordance with Japan's imperial law, on marrying Moriya -- an employee of shipping company Nippon Yusen KK -- Ayako will renounce her royal status and take a lump sum of $950,000 from the Japanese government for living expenses. But that doesn't mean the wedding will be devoid of pomp.
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Crown Prince Naruhito of Japan and his future wife Masako Owada pose for photographs in traditional Japanese costume prior to their wedding June 2, 1993 in Tokyo. Credit: Getty Images/Getty Images AsiaPac/Getty Images
Ceremony and symbolism
On Monday morning, Princess Ayako will arrive at the Meiji Shrine to meet her husband-to-be, wearing a uchikake outer robe and hakama, wide-legged pleated trousers that are tied at the waist and fall to the ankles. Shortly after they meet, the princess will change into the more formal kouchiki, a "small cloak" with long, wide sleeves, and a long divided skirt called a naga-bakama. (Both outfits have been worn since by Japanese nobility since the Heian era, which lasted from 794 to 1185.)
Japan's Princess Noriko, dressed in a traditional Shinto-style uchiki and hakama kinomo, and Kunimaro Senge walk with their family members for wedding procession at the Izumo grand shrine in Izumo city in Shimane prefecture, western Japan on Oct. 5, 2014. Credit: JIJI PRESS/AFP/Getty Images
After the wedding, on Tuesday, the newlyweds will attend a reception banquet at Tokyo's New Otani Hotel in the presence of the Crown Prince and Crown Princess, where Ayako will be toasted into the Moriya family. It's not yet clear what Ayako will choose to wear for the occasion, but previous royal brides have gone for Western-style white dresses.
While elaborate by conventional standards, Princess Ayako's wedding attire is expected to be relatively understated compared to the clothes worn by women marrying into or within the imperial family. In those instances, brides don the highly elaborate junihitoe, a 12-layered kimono that dates back centuries.
Crown Prince Naruhito of Japan and his future wife Masako Owada pose for photographs in traditional Japanese costume prior to their wedding June 2, 1993 in Tokyo. Credit: Getty Images/Getty Images AsiaPac/Getty Images
"The art of dressing (in the junihitoe) is to see all the edges that are beautifully displayed," explained Sheila Cliffe, author of "The Social Life of the Kimono: Japanese Fashion Past and Present."
But in spite of its simplicity, Ayako's dress will be loaded with symbolism, in keeping with Japanese tradition. Take colors, for instance: "(The colors) are all given names after plants or flowers, and traditionally they would be worn just before that flower bloomed," Cliffe said in a phone interview.
The Crown Prince Naruhito of Japan and his wife Crown Princess Masako bow to Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko during a ceremony to greet them at their wedding at the Imperial Palace June 9, 1993 in Tokyo. Credit: Getty Images/Getty Images AsiaPac/Getty Images
Many Japanese bridal dresses are also embellished with a range of celebratory motifs, such as pine trees, plums and bamboo, which are seen as fortuitous.
"The pine is evergreen, the bamboo bends but doesn't break, and the plum blooms in the coldest season," Cliffe explained. Symbols of longevity, like cranes and turtles are also popular.
Weddings for the masses
In Japan, it's common for brides to have multiple costume changes during the wedding ceremony and reception. In Shinto-style ceremonies, women usually wear an all-white shiromuku kimono (often made of silk) and an ornate white coat with a long train. The white symbolizes purity and the beginning of the bride's life with her new family.
This ensemble is traditionally worn with a large white hood called a wataboshi, or a white hat called a tsunokakushi, which literally means "horn cover." The origin of the tsunokakushi isn't clear, but one folk theory suggests the wide hat is meant to hide the bride's jealousy and selfishness.
A Shinto priest leads the way of a Shinto wedding at Meiji Shrine in Tokyo. Credit: KAZUHIRO NOGI/AFP/AFP/Getty Images
Other theories suggest the hat provides protection from evil and bad luck, and also symbolizes a bride's obedience to her husband.
After the ceremony, a bride will trade her white coat for a colorful one. This dress change is called iro-naoshi -- or, literally, "color change."
"Putting on color afterward is like her being received or accepted into the husband's house. It's like a kind of rebirth," Cliffe explained. "It's far more than a change of clothing."
However, while these traditional modes of dressing have been respected for years, wedding styles and trends in Japan are fluid. These days, many brides opt to wear a traditional kimono for the ceremony and change into a Western-style wedding dress (or two) for the reception.
Members of the royal family are seen fulfilling their public duties during the Autumn Garden Party at the Akasaka Imperial Garden in Tokyo, Japan. Credit: The Asahi Shimbun/The Asahi Shimbun
And, just as the Duchess of Sussex reportedly inspired hordes of brides-to-be to buy dresses similar to her boat-neck Givenchy gown and the high-neck Stella McCartney dress she wore to the reception, imperial weddings can spark larger trends across the country.
Cliffe said that when Princess Masako wore the traditional multi-layered kimono to marry Crown Prince Naruhito in 1993, there was a rise in Japanese brides wearing junihitoe-style dresses.
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